NEET Organic Chemistry Study Guide

General Properties

Saturated hydrocarbons with single C-C bonds. General formula: CₙH₂ₙ₊₂. Non-polar, insoluble in water, boiling points increase with molecular weight (e.g., CH₄: -161°C, C₄H₁₀: -0.5°C). Density < 1 g/cm³.

NEET Tip: Questions often focus on trends in physical properties or halogenation products.

Preparation

• Wurtz Reaction: 2R-X + 2Na → R-R + 2NaX (forms symmetrical alkanes).
• Reduction of alkyl halides: R-X + H₂/Pd → R-H + HX.
• Hydrogenation of alkenes/alkynes: CₙH₂ₙ + H₂ → CₙH₂ₙ₊₂.
• Kolbe’s Electrolysis: 2RCOONa + 2H₂O → R-R + 2CO₂ + H₂ + 2NaOH.

Reactions

• Combustion: CₙH₂ₙ₊₂ + (3n+1)/2 O₂ → nCO₂ + (n+1)H₂O.
• Halogenation: R-H + X₂ → R-X + HX (X = Cl, Br; sunlight/UV).
• Pyrolysis: Cracking to smaller alkanes/alkenes at high temp.
• Nitration: R-H + HNO₃ → R-NO₂ + H₂O (high temp, conc. acid).

Mechanism

Free radical mechanism for halogenation: Initiation (X₂ → 2X•), Propagation (R-H + X• → R• + HX; R• + X₂ → R-X + X•), Termination (R• + X• → R-X). NEET Note: Chlorination is non-selective, forming multiple products.

Tests

No specific functional group test; identified by inert nature and combustion products (CO₂, H₂O). NEET MCQ Trap: Distinguish alkanes from alkenes using bromine test.

General Properties

Unsaturated hydrocarbons with one C=C bond. General formula: CₙH₂ₙ. Non-polar, insoluble in water, boiling points slightly higher than alkanes (e.g., C₂H₄: -103°C). Cis-trans isomerism possible.

NEET Tip: Questions on geometrical isomerism and Markovnikov’s rule are common.

Preparation

• Dehydrohalogenation: R-CH₂-CH₂-X + alc. KOH → R-CH=CH₂ + HX.
• Dehydration of alcohols: R-CH₂-CH₂-OH → R-CH=CH₂ + H₂O (H₂SO₄, heat).
• Partial hydrogenation of alkynes: R-C≡C-R + H₂/Lindlar → R-CH=CH-R (cis).
• Wittig Reaction: R₂C=O + Ph₃P=CHR’ → R₂C=CHR’ + Ph₃P=O.

Reactions

• Addition of H₂: R-CH=CH₂ + H₂/Pt → R-CH₂-CH₃.
• Halogenation: R-CH=CH₂ + X₂ → R-CHX-CH₂X.
• Hydroboration-oxidation: R-CH=CH₂ + BH₃/H₂O₂ → R-CH₂-CH₂-OH (anti-Markovnikov).
• Ozonolysis: R-CH=CH-R → 2R-CHO.
• Oxymercuration-demercuration: R-CH=CH₂ + Hg(OAc)₂/H₂O → R-CH(OH)-CH₃.

Mechanism

Electrophilic addition: C=C π-bond breaks, electrophile (H⁺, X⁺) adds, forming carbocation or cyclic intermediate. NEET Note: Markovnikov’s rule governs addition; anti-Markovnikov in hydroboration.

Tests

• Baeyer’s Test: Decolorizes cold, dilute, alkaline KMnO₄ (purple to colorless).
• Bromine Test: Decolorizes Br₂/CCl₄ (red-brown to colorless).
• NEET MCQ Trap: Differentiate alkenes from alkynes using Baeyer’s test (both positive).

General Properties

Unsaturated hydrocarbons with one C≡C bond. General formula: CₙH₂ₙ₋₂. Slightly polar (terminal alkynes), boiling points higher than alkenes (e.g., C₂H₂: -84°C).

NEET Tip: Terminal alkynes’ acidity is frequently tested.

Preparation

• From vicinal dihalides: R-CHX-CHX-R + 2KOH → R-C≡C-R.
• From calcium carbide: CaC₂ + 2H₂O → C₂H₂ + Ca(OH)₂.
• From alkyl halides: R-X + NaC≡CH → R-C≡CH.

Reactions

• Hydrogenation: R-C≡C-R + 2H₂ → R-CH₂-CH₂-R.
• Addition of HX: R-C≡C-H + HX → R-CX=CH₂ (Markovnikov).
• Ozonolysis: R-C≡C-R → 2R-COOH.
• Hydration: R-C≡C-H + H₂O/Hg²⁺ → R-CO-CH₃ (Kucherov reaction).

Mechanism

Electrophilic addition; terminal alkynes form acetylide ions (R-C≡C-H → R-C≡C⁻) due to acidity. NEET Note: Hydration follows Markovnikov’s rule.

Tests

• Ammoniacal AgNO₃: Forms white precipitate (R-C≡C-Ag).
• Ammoniacal Cu₂Cl₂: Forms red precipitate (R-C≡C-Cu).
• NEET MCQ Trap: Only terminal alkynes give positive tests.

General Properties

Contain benzene ring or derivatives. Stable due to resonance. General formula: CₙHₙ (simple aromatics). High boiling points (e.g., C₆H₆: 80°C), insoluble in water.

NEET Tip: Resonance and electrophilic substitution are key concepts.

Preparation

• From coal tar: Distillation yields benzene.
• Decarboxylation: C₆H₅COONa + NaOH/CaO → C₆H₆ + Na₂CO₃.
• From acetylene: 3C₂H₂ → C₆H₆ (cyclization).

Reactions

• Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: C₆H₆ + R-X/AlCl₃ → C₆H₅R + HX.
• Friedel-Crafts Acylation: C₆H₆ + RCOCl/AlCl₃ → C₆H₅COR.
• Nitration: C₆H₆ + HNO₃/H₂SO₄ → C₆H₅NO₂.
• Sulphonation: C₆H₆ + H₂SO₄ → C₆H₅SO₃H.
• Halogenation: C₆H₆ + X₂/FeX₃ → C₆H₅X.

Mechanism

Electrophilic aromatic substitution: Electrophile replaces H⁺ via sigma complex (arenium ion). NEET Note: Ortho-para vs. meta-directing groups are crucial.

Tests

No specific test; identified by stability and substitution products. NEET MCQ Trap: Distinguish from alkenes (no Baeyer’s test).

General Properties

Contain C-X bond (X = F, Cl, Br, I). Polar, higher boiling points than hydrocarbons (e.g., CH₃Cl: -24°C). Haloarenes are less reactive due to resonance.

NEET Tip: Questions often test Sₙ1 vs. Sₙ2 mechanisms.

Preparation

• From alcohols: R-OH + HX → R-X + H₂O.
• From alkenes: R-CH=CH₂ + HX → R-CHX-CH₃.
• Halogen exchange: R-Cl + NaI → R-I + NaCl (Finkelstein).
• Sandmeyer (haloarenes): C₆H₅N₂Cl + CuCl → C₆H₅Cl.

Reactions

• Nucleophilic Substitution (Sₙ1/Sₙ2): R-X + Nu⁻ → R-Nu + X⁻.
• Elimination (E1/E2): R-CH₂-CH₂-X → R-CH=CH₂ + HX.
• Wurtz Reaction: 2R-X + 2Na → R-R + 2NaX.
• Fittig Reaction (haloarenes): 2C₆H₅X + 2Na → C₆H₅-C₆H₅.

Mechanism

Sₙ1 (carbocation, tertiary halides), Sₙ2 (concerted, primary halides), E1/E2 similar. Haloarenes undergo nucleophilic aromatic substitution. NEET Note: Sₙ2 favors polar aprotic solvents.

Tests

• Silver nitrate test: R-X + AgNO₃ → AgX↓ (precipitate; haloarenes negative).
• NEET MCQ Trap: Haloarenes’ C-X bond stability is due to resonance.

General Properties

Contain -OH group. Polar, H-bonding, high boiling points (e.g., CH₃OH: 64.7°C). Solubility decreases with chain length.

NEET Tip: Questions on Lucas test and oxidation products are frequent.

Preparation

• Hydration of alkenes: R-CH=CH₂ + H₂O/H⁺ → R-CH(OH)-CH₃.
• Reduction of carbonyls: R-CHO → R-CH₂OH (NaBH₄).
• Grignard reagent: R-MgX + HCHO → R-CH₂OH.
• Hydroboration-oxidation: R-CH=CH₂ → R-CH₂-CH₂-OH.

Reactions

• Dehydration: R-CH₂-CH₂-OH → R-CH=CH₂ + H₂O (E1/E2).
• Oxidation: Primary → R-CHO (PCC) or R-COOH (KMnO₄); Secondary → R₂CO.
• Esterification: R-OH + R’COOH → R’COOR.
• Reaction with HX: R-OH + HX → R-X + H₂O.

Mechanism

Dehydration (E1 for 2°/3°, E2 for 1°), oxidation (loss of H₂), nucleophilic attack in esterification. NEET Note: Tertiary alcohols favor Sₙ1 with HX.

Tests

• Lucas Test: Tertiary (instant turbidity), secondary (5-10 min), primary (no reaction).
• Iodoform Test: CH₃-CH(OH)-R → Yellow iodoform precipitate.
• NEET MCQ Trap: Differentiate 1°, 2°, 3° alcohols via Lucas test timing.

General Properties

Contain -OH on benzene. Acidic (pKa ~10), soluble in water, high boiling point (C₆H₅OH: 182°C).

NEET Tip: Acidity and electrophilic substitution are key.

Preparation

• From chlorobenzene: C₆H₅Cl + NaOH → C₆H₅OH (high temp).
• From cumene: C₆H₅CH(CH₃)₂ → C₆H₅OH + (CH₃)₂CO.
• From diazonium salts: C₆H₅N₂Cl + H₂O → C₆H₅OH.

Reactions

• Electrophilic substitution: C₆H₅OH + Br₂ → C₆H₂(OH)Br₃.
• Reimer-Tiemann: C₆H₅OH + CHCl₃/KOH → C₆H₅CHO.
• Kolbe’s Reaction: C₆H₅OH + CO₂/NaOH → C₆H₅(OH)COOH.
• Esterification: C₆H₅OH + (CH₃CO)₂O → C₆H₅OCOCH₃.

Mechanism

Electrophilic substitution (activated ring, ortho-para directing); Reimer-Tiemann involves dichlorocarbene. NEET Note: Phenol’s acidity is due to resonance-stabilized phenoxide ion.

Tests

• Ferric chloride test: C₆H₅OH + FeCl₃ → Violet complex.
• Bromine water: Forms white precipitate (2,4,6-tribromophenol).
• NEET MCQ Trap: Phenol vs. alcohol (phenol gives FeCl₃ test).

General Properties

Contain C-O-C linkage. Non-polar, low boiling points (e.g., CH₃OCH₃: -24°C), used as solvents.

NEET Tip: Williamson synthesis is a high-weightage topic.

Preparation

• Williamson Synthesis: R-ONa + R’-X → R-O-R’ + NaX.
• Dehydration of alcohols: 2R-OH → R-O-R + H₂O (H₂SO₄, 140°C).

Reactions

• Cleavage with HX: R-O-R’ + HX → R-X + R’-OH (conc. HI/HBr).
• Peroxide formation: R-O-R + O₂ → Peroxides (on standing).

Mechanism

Sₙ1/Sₙ2 cleavage; tertiary ethers favor Sₙ1. NEET Note: Aryl ethers resist cleavage due to resonance.

Tests

No specific test; identified by inertness and solubility. NEET MCQ Trap: Ethers vs. alcohols (no H-bonding in ethers).

General Properties

Contain -CHO group. Polar, boiling points higher than hydrocarbons (e.g., CH₃CHO: 20°C). Soluble in water (H-bonding).

NEET Tip: Aldehyde tests (Tollens’, Fehling’s) are high-yield.

Preparation

• Oxidation of 1° alcohols: R-CH₂OH → R-CHO (PCC).
• Rosenmund Reduction: R-COCl + H₂/Pd → R-CHO.
• Gattermann-Koch: C₆H₆ + CO/HCl → C₆H₅CHO.
• Ozonolysis of alkenes: R-CH=CH-R → 2R-CHO.

Reactions

• Cannizzaro Reaction: 2R-CHO (no α-H) → R-CH₂OH + R-COOH.
• Aldol Condensation: 2R-CHO → R-CH(OH)-CH₂-CHO.
• Clemmensen Reduction: R-CHO → R-CH₃ (Zn-Hg/HCl).
• Wolff-Kishner Reduction: R-CHO → R-CH₃ (N₂H₄/KOH).
• Oxidation: R-CHO → R-COOH (KMnO₄).

Mechanism

Nucleophilic addition to C=O; Cannizzaro involves hydride transfer; Aldol forms β-hydroxy aldehyde. NEET Note: Formaldehyde undergoes Cannizzaro, not Aldol.

Tests

• Fehling’s Test: Red precipitate (Cu₂O).
• Tollens’ Test: Silver mirror (Ag).
• Schiff’s Test: Restores pink color.
• NEET MCQ Trap: Aromatic aldehydes give positive Tollens’ but negative Schiff’s.

General Properties

Contain C=O group. Polar, boiling points higher than aldehydes (e.g., CH₃COCH₃: 56°C). Less reactive than aldehydes.

NEET Tip: Iodoform test and reduction reactions are key.

Preparation

• Oxidation of 2° alcohols: R₂CHOH → R₂CO (KMnO₄).
• From alkenes: R-CH=CH₂ + O₃ → R-CO-R.
• Friedel-Crafts Acylation: C₆H₆ + RCOCl → C₆H₅COR.

Reactions

• Haloform Reaction: CH₃-CO-R → CHI₃ (iodoform).
• Clemmensen Reduction: R₂CO → R₂CH₂ (Zn-Hg/HCl).
• Wolff-Kishner Reduction: R₂CO → R₂CH₂ (N₂H₄/KOH).
• Addition of NaHSO₃: R₂CO → R₂C(OH)SO₃Na.

Mechanism

Nucleophilic addition to C=O, slower than aldehydes due to steric hindrance. NEET Note: Acetone gives iodoform test.

Tests

• Iodoform Test: CH₃-CO-R → Yellow iodoform precipitate.
• 2,4-DNP Test: Forms yellow/orange precipitate.
• NEET MCQ Trap: Ketones do not give Fehling’s/Tollens’ test.

General Properties

Contain -COOH group. Acidic (pKa ~4-5), high boiling points (e.g., CH₃COOH: 118°C), H-bonding, water-soluble.

NEET Tip: Acidity order and esterification are high-yield topics.

Preparation

• Oxidation: R-CH₂OH/R-CHO → R-COOH (KMnO₄).
• Hydrolysis of nitriles: R-CN + H₂O → R-COOH.
• Carboxylation: R-MgX + CO₂ → R-COOH.

Reactions

• Esterification: R-COOH + R’-OH → R-COOR’.
• Decarboxylation: R-COONa + NaOH/CaO → R-H.
• Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky: R-CH₂-COOH + X₂ → R-CHX-COOH.
• Reduction: R-COOH → R-CH₂OH (LiAlH₄).

Mechanism

Nucleophilic acyl substitution in esterification; HVZ involves α-halogenation. NEET Note: Acidity order: Cl-CH₂COOH > CH₃COOH > C₆H₅COOH.

Tests

• Litmus Test: Turns blue litmus red.
• Sodium bicarbonate: R-COOH + NaHCO₃ → CO₂↑.
• NEET MCQ Trap: Formic acid gives Tollens’ test (reducing).

General Properties

Contain -NH₂, -NHR, or -NR₂. Basic, H-bonding, boiling points lower than alcohols (e.g., CH₃NH₂: -6°C). Solubility: 1° > 2° > 3°.

NEET Tip: Basicity order and Hinsberg test are crucial.

Preparation

• Reduction of nitriles: R-CN + H₂ → R-CH₂NH₂.
• Hoffmann Bromamide: R-CONH₂ + Br₂ + KOH → R-NH₂.
• Gabriel Phthalimide: Phthalimide + R-X → R-NH₂.

Reactions

• Carbylamine Reaction: R-NH₂ + CHCl₃ + KOH → R-NC.
• Hinsberg Test: R-NH₂ + C₆H₅SO₂Cl → Differentiates 1°, 2°, 3° amines.
• Acylation: R-NH₂ + CH₃COCl → R-NHCOCH₃.
• Diazotization (1° aromatic): C₆H₅NH₂ + HNO₂ → C₆H₅N₂Cl.

Mechanism

Nucleophilic substitution in carbylamine; basicity due to lone pair donation. NEET Note: Basicity order: 2° > 1° > 3° (in aqueous solution).

Tests

• Hinsberg Test: 1° (soluble in NaOH), 2° (insoluble), 3° (no reaction).
• Carbylamine Test: Foul-smelling isocyanide (1°, 2° amines).
• NEET MCQ Trap: 3° amines do not give carbylamine test.

General Properties

Contain -C≡N group. Polar, high boiling points (e.g., CH₃CN: 82°C), toxic.

NEET Tip: Reduction and hydrolysis products are key.

Preparation

• From alkyl halides: R-X + KCN → R-CN + KX.
• From amides: R-CONH₂ + P₂O₅ → R-CN.

Reactions

• Hydrolysis: R-CN + H₂O → R-COOH.
• Reduction: R-CN + H₂ → R-CH₂NH₂ (LiAlH₄).
• Stephen Reaction: R-CN + SnCl₂/HCl → R-CHO.

Mechanism

Nucleophilic addition to C≡N bond. NEET Note: Partial hydrolysis gives amides.

Tests

No specific test; identified by hydrolysis to carboxylic acids. NEET MCQ Trap: Nitriles vs. isocyanides (hydrolysis products differ).

General Properties

Contain -NC group. Foul smell, boiling points similar to nitriles (e.g., CH₃NC: 59°C).

NEET Tip: Carbylamine reaction is a must-know.

Preparation

• Carbylamine Reaction: R-NH₂ + CHCl₃ + KOH → R-NC.
• From alkyl halides: R-X + AgCN → R-NC.

Reactions

• Hydrolysis: R-NC + H₂O → R-NHCH₃.
• Reduction: R-NC → R-NHCH₃ (LiAlH₄).

Mechanism

Nucleophilic addition to C=N bond. NEET Note: Isocyanides give N-methyl amines on hydrolysis.

Tests

Foul smell; confirmed by hydrolysis to N-methyl amines. NEET MCQ Trap: Isocyanides vs. nitriles (foul smell, different hydrolysis).

General Properties

Contain -CONH₂ group. Polar, high boiling points (e.g., CH₃CONH₂: 221°C), H-bonding.

NEET Tip: Hoffmann bromamide is high-yield.

Preparation

• From carboxylic acids: R-COOH + NH₃ → R-CONH₂.
• Partial hydrolysis of nitriles: R-CN + H₂O → R-CONH₂.

Reactions

• Hoffmann Bromamide: R-CONH₂ + Br₂ + KOH → R-NH₂.
• Hydrolysis: R-CONH₂ + H₂O → R-COOH + NH₃.
• Dehydration: R-CONH₂ + P₂O₅ → R-CN.

Mechanism

Nucleophilic acyl substitution; Hoffmann involves nitrene intermediate. NEET Note: Decreases carbon chain by one.

Tests

• Biuret Test: Violet color with CuSO₄/NaOH.
• NEET MCQ Trap: Amides vs. amines (no carbylamine test).

General Properties

Contain -CO-O-CO- group. Reactive, high boiling points (e.g., (CH₃CO)₂O: 140°C).

NEET Tip: Reactions with nucleophiles are key.

Preparation

• From carboxylic acids: 2R-COOH → (RCO)₂O + H₂O (P₂O₅).
• From acid chlorides: R-COCl + R-COONa → (RCO)₂O.

Reactions

• Hydrolysis: (RCO)₂O + H₂O → 2R-COOH.
• With alcohols: (RCO)₂O + R’-OH → R-COOR’ + R-COOH.
• With amines: (RCO)₂O + R’-NH₂ → R-CONHR’.

Mechanism

Nucleophilic acyl substitution. NEET Note: More reactive than esters.

Tests

No specific test; identified by hydrolysis to acids. NEET MCQ Trap: Anhydrides vs. esters (faster hydrolysis).

General Properties

Contain -COOR group. Pleasant smell, moderate boiling points (e.g., CH₃COOCH₃: 57°C).

NEET Tip: Esterification and hydrolysis are high-yield.

Preparation

• Esterification: R-COOH + R’-OH → R-COOR’ (H₂SO₄).
• From acid chlorides: R-COCl + R’-OH → R-COOR’.

Reactions

• Hydrolysis: R-COOR’ + H₂O → R-COOH + R’-OH.
• Reduction: R-COOR’ → R-CH₂OH + R’-OH (LiAlH₄).
• Transesterification: R-COOR’ + R’’-OH → R-COOR’’.

Mechanism

Nucleophilic acyl substitution; tetrahedral intermediate. NEET Note: Acidic vs. basic hydrolysis products differ.

Tests

• Hydroxamic acid test: Forms red-blue complex with FeCl₃.
• NEET MCQ Trap: Esters vs. ethers (esters give hydroxamic test).

General Properties

Contain -NO₂ group. Polar, high boiling points (e.g., C₆H₅NO₂: 211°C), insoluble in water.

NEET Tip: Reduction products are key.

Preparation

• Nitration: C₆H₆ + HNO₃/H₂SO₄ → C₆H₅NO₂.
• From alkyl halides: R-X + AgNO₂ → R-NO₂.

Reactions

• Reduction: C₆H₅NO₂ + 6H → C₆H₅NH₂ + 2H₂O (Sn/HCl).
• Partial reduction: C₆H₅NO₂ → C₆H₅NHOH (Zn/NH₄Cl).

Mechanism

Electrophilic substitution for nitration; reduction via electron transfer. NEET Note: Nitro group is meta-directing.

Tests

Reduction to amines, followed by amine tests (e.g., diazotization). NEET MCQ Trap: Nitro vs. nitrites (different reduction products).

General Properties

Contain -N₂⁺ group. Unstable, decompose above 5°C, used in synthesis.

NEET Tip: Coupling and Sandmeyer reactions are high-yield.

Preparation

• Diazotization: C₆H₅NH₂ + HNO₂ + HCl → C₆H₅N₂Cl (0-5°C).

Reactions

• Sandmeyer Reaction: C₆H₅N₂Cl + CuCl → C₆H₅Cl.
• Gattermann Reaction: C₆H₅N₂Cl + Cu/HCl → C₆H₅Cl.
• Coupling: C₆H₅N₂Cl + C₆H₅OH → Azo dye (orange-red).
• Reduction: C₆H₅N₂Cl + H₃PO₂ → C₆H₆ + N₂.

Mechanism

Nucleophilic attack in coupling; radical mechanism in Sandmeyer. NEET Note: Coupling occurs at para position of phenol.

Tests

• Coupling test: Forms colored azo dye with phenol.
• NEET MCQ Trap: Aliphatic diazonium salts are unstable, unlike aromatic.

Introduction

Polyhydroxy aldehydes/ketones. General formula: Cₙ(H₂O)ₙ. Classified as monosaccharides (glucose, fructose), disaccharides (sucrose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose). Functions: Energy source, structural (cellulose).

NEET Tip: Reducing vs. non-reducing sugars (sucrose is non-reducing).

Tests

• Molisch’s Test: Purple ring with α-naphthol/H₂SO₄ (all carbohydrates).
• Benedict’s Test: Red precipitate (reducing sugars: glucose, fructose).
• Fehling’s Test: Red precipitate (reducing sugars).
• NEET MCQ Trap: Sucrose does not give Benedict’s/Fehling’s test.

Introduction

Amino acids: Contain -NH₂ and -COOH (e.g., glycine, alanine). Proteins: Polypeptides of amino acids, form enzymes, structural components (keratin). Zwitterion structure at isoelectric point.

NEET Tip: Ninhydrin and Biuret tests are frequently tested.

Tests

• Ninhydrin Test: Blue-purple color with amino acids.
• Biuret Test: Violet color with proteins (peptide bonds).
• Xanthoproteic Test: Yellow color with aromatic amino acids (e.g., tyrosine).
• NEET MCQ Trap: Free amino acids vs. proteins (Biuret negative for amino acids).

Introduction & Uses

Macromolecules from monomers. Types: Natural (cellulose, proteins), Synthetic (nylon, PVC). Addition (polythene) vs. condensation (nylon-6,6). Uses: Plastics (PVC: pipes), fibers (nylon: textiles), rubbers (neoprene: belts).

NEET Tip: Monomers and polymer types are high-yield.

• Polythene: From ethene, used in bags.
• Nylon-6,6: Hexamethylenediamine + adipic acid, used in ropes.
• PTFE (Teflon): Non-stick coatings.

Introduction

Medicines: Analgesics (aspirin), antipyretics (paracetamol), antibiotics (penicillin). Daily life: Soaps (sodium stearate), detergents (sodium lauryl sulfate), antiseptics (Dettol: chloroxylenol), disinfectants (phenol).

NEET Tip: Distinguish antiseptics vs. disinfectants; drug structures are key.

• Aspirin: Acetylsalicylic acid, reduces pain/fever.
• Soap: Micelle formation, cleansing action.
• Detergents: Synthetic, work in hard water.